Everything about The Sicilian Revolution Of Independence Of 1848 totally explained
The
Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 occurred in a year replete with
revolutions and popular revolts. The Sicilian revolution of that year is significant for the following four reasons::1. It commenced on
12 January 1848, and therefore was one of the first of the numerous revolutions to occur that year;
» 2. Four revolutions occurred on the island of
Sicily between
1800 and
1849 against
Bourbon rule, with this final one resulting in an independent state surviving for 16 months;
3. The constitution that survived the 16 months was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of an
Italian confederation of states; and
» 4. It was in effect a curtain raiser to the end of the Bourbon kingdom of the
Two Sicilies that occurred over
1860 to
1861 with the
Risorgimento.
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
The former kingdoms of
Naples and
Sicily were formally reunited following the
1815 Congress of Vienna to become the Bourbon kingdom of the
Two Sicilies. Both kingdoms had previously comprised the single
Norman and
Swabian kingdom of Sicily during the
12th and
13th centuries, and were split in two following the revolt of the
Sicilian Vespers in
1282. The name “Two Sicilies” is effectively a consequence of the historical events that followed the Sicilian Vespers.
The seeds of the revolution of 1848 were sown prior to the Congress of Vienna, in
1812. This was during the tumultuous
Napoleonic period when the Bourbon court was forced to escape from
Naples and set up its royal court in
Palermo with the assistance of the English navy. The Sicilian nobles were able to take the opportunity to force on the Bourbons a new constitution for Sicily that was based on the
Westminster system of parliamentary government, and was in fact quite a liberal constitution for the time. However, post Congress of Vienna,
Ferdinand IV of Naples (and III if Sicily) immediately abolished the constitution upon returning the royal court to Naples. There is a strong connection between this action and the various popular revolts that were to occur right up to the
Risorgimento.
Political events after the revolution
The 1848 revolution was substantially organized from, and centered in, Palermo. The popular nature of the revolt is evident in the fact that posters and notices were being handed out a full three days before the substantive acts of the revolution occurred on 12 January, 1848. The timing was deliberately planned to coincide with the birthday of
Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, himself born in Palermo in
1810 (during the Napoleonic period mentioned above).
The Sicilian nobles were immediately able to resuscitate the constitution of 1812, which included the principles of representative democracy and the centrality of Parliament in the government of the state. The idea was also put forward for a confederation of all the states of
Italy. At this point it should be mentioned that the Sicilian parliament was never able to control the well fortified city of
Messina, which ultimately would be used to take back the island by force. Similarly, it was the city of Messina that held out the longest against
Garibaldi’s attack on the island in
1860.
Thus Sicily survived as a quasi-independent state for sixteen months, with the Bourbon army taking back full control of the island on
15 May 1849 by force. The effective head of state during this period was
Ruggero Settimo (or Roger Settimo in
English and
Ruggeru Sèttimu in
Sicilian). On capitulating to the Bourbons, Settimo escaped to
Malta where he was received with the full honours of a head of state. He remained exiled there for the rest of his life and died there in
1863. Upon the formation of the new Kingdom of Italy in 1861, Settimo was offered the position of first President of the Senate of the newly created national parliament, but he was forced to decline for health reasons. Nevertheless, this invitation provides more than a casual hint as to the nexus the existed between the events of 1848 and 1860-61 in the
History of Italy.
The Revolution which began in Palermo was one of a series of such events in Italy, though perhaps more violent than others. It quickly spread across the island and throughout Italy, where it prompted Carlo Alberto, King of Sardinia, to follow the example of Ferdinando II and issue a hastily-written constiution. In imitation of these events, riots and revolutions followed around Europe at the same time, and may be considered a taste of the socialist revolts to come.
Alleged benefits of the Sicilian Revolution of 1848 and the bloody unification war that followed twelve years later, have been seriously questioned by scholars in the wake of much continued suffering in southern Italy well into the twentieth century, by which time life for the mass of people should have been improved, at least according to those who supported the riots and reform movements of the nineteenth century. Even before fascism the unified Italy wasn't a notably democratic state, and poverty encouraged the emigration of hundreds of thousands . Was Sicily better off under the Savoys than under the Bourbons? Apart from mass emigration, the events leading up to, and coinciding with, the Second World War make this difficult to accept. It would be only a century after the Revolution of 1848, following further poverty, a failed totalitarian movement and destructive war, that life finally began to improve materially for most Sicilians.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Sicilian Revolution Of Independence Of 1848'.
|
External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://sicilian_revolution_of_independence_of_1848.totallyexplained.com">Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
